They argue that the current situation suggests the need to strengthen the role of Archbishop of Canterbury and the ‘focal role of the Primates within provinces.’

“These would be important developments during this interim period as we continue to work towards full visible unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.”

Two parishes in St Albans have already suspended the entire payment of their quota, and more are considering taking similar action, both in the diocese and across the Church of England.

Michael Geer, president of the Pennsylvania Family Institute, said the new provisions could open clergy to the possibility of prosecution for preaching on God's views of homosexuality.

"The threat is very real and something that needs to be addressed," Geer said. "The pulpit should be definitely a free-speech zone in the United States of America and in Pennsylvania."

In a strongly worded letter, written on behalf of all Church of England bishops and seen by The Times, they say: “It is clear that the apparent breach of international law in relation to the treatment of Iraqi detainees has been deeply damaging.

“The appearance of double standards inevitably diminishes the credibility of Western governments with the people of Iraq and of the Islamic world more generally.